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Luke travelled in Dalmatia to spread the gospel Paolo e isola Meleda in Dalmazia, published in Split in Vicko Palunko, Assistant Bishop of Split and the preposit of the Split charter published this little book in Italian based on tradition and study of The Acts of the Apostles in addition to research of secular authors and his own observations Fig.

The Split poet Jeronim Kavanjin included similar verses in his grand biblical-historical epic poem Wealth and Poverty, consisting of 30 books and verses.

We read about St. Leaving Caesarea after spending two years in prison, Paul must have known that the future is precarious and fraught with danger. He was supposed to appear before the Emperor, but there was a difficult journey ahead of him. It was dangerous to sail the high seas not only because of storms, but also due to problems with orientation in cloudy weather. The remains of shipwrecks bear witness to the dangers involved in the seafaring in the Mediterranean, as well as in the Adriatic Sea.

It must be mentioned that ships could not be considered safe even when they were within reach of the harbour: we know from Tacitus15 that in AD 62, i. The last night on the ship 27 But when the fourteenth night was come, as we were driven up and down in Adria, about midnight the shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country; 28 And sounded, and found it twenty Marija BUZOV fathoms: and when they had gone a little further, they sounded again, and found it fifteen fathoms.

Shipwreck and salvation 39 And when it was day, they knew not the land: but they discovered a certain creek with a shore, into the which they were minded, if it were possible, to thrust in the ship. And so it came to pass, that they escaped all safe to land. From Malta to Rome 11 And after three months we departed in a ship of Alexandria, which had wintered in the isle, whose sign was Castor and Pollux.

As can be seen from the Acts of the Apostles, Luke dedicated an entire chapter to the description of their horrible and traumatic experience. Where did St. Paul was shipwrecked, so it seems, on a part of straight shoreline of the cove near the present-day villages of Saplunara and Korita on the southeast coast of Mljet, not Malta.

Certain authors mention the shipwreck but do not consider the possibility that it may have happened on the island of Mljet in Dalmatia Paul or St. When they entered the harbour, they found themselves in a place open to two seas, and they wrecked their ship on a rock flanked by the sea on either side. In the Acts of the Apostles, the island of the shipwreck is called Melite, but there are three islands of that name in the Mediterranean: Malta, Mljet and Samothrace in the Aegean Sea.

The last of these used to be called Melite before it was named Samothrace Naturally, there are also other similar toponyms that in A. The bulk of the very extensive bibliography on St. The series of discussions on the subject were started in the 18th c. It is particularly interesting that the text is decorated with a valuable etching by Francesco Zucchi based on the model of the picture by Giambattista Tiepolo depicting St.

In addition to Venice, Dubrovnik is also specifically marked on the map. X, 3, MAYER , Act A comparison of the two depictions points not only to the originality of the idea but also to G. What is uncertain and leads to doubts, necessitating caution? It is stated in the Acts that wind was throwing the ship around the Adria Hadria. We have to point out here that in the antiquity the name Adriatic was used to denote larger or smaller parts of the Mediterranean.

Certain historical sources mention that the term Adria covered the entire area to Malta. However, the name Adria is in fact used for northern Adriatic, while for the Greeks everything else was the Ionian Sea throughout the 5th c.

BC, and occasionally also in the 4th c. Only later did Adria start to gradually extend and cover increasingly larger areas of the Ionian Sea, but even then Malta stayed outside its limits When it comes to the direction of the wind, the ship obviously sailed southwards from Crete. Somewhere north of the Great Sirte, the direction must have changed once again, because only in that case the ship could have been carried due southwest, regardless of whether it eventually wrecked on Malta or Mljet.

Three days had passed from the departure from Crete until the arrival near the coast of Africa. In the narrative, there is a feeling that one part of the description ended and another, much longer one started, lasting a fortnight The northeast wind could not have lasted longer than three or four days.

It clears the clouds and allows sight of the moon and stars at night, as well as, obviously, the space around the ship. The wind from the southeast quadrant, however, is prolonged and dark. It should be noted that Paul was familiar with the Adriatic and the surrounding areas.

He had already sent Titus to Dalmatia before Second Timothy, 4,9. Therefore, already prior to the journey to Rome, on which he suffered the shipwreck, Paul had stayed in the neighbourhood of the Adriatic.

We cannot know for sure whether he visited and preached in Illyricum at that time. Paul must have known that Nicopolis lay at the southern border of Ionios kolpos, and that Adrias lay to the northwest, so he would not have used the name Adria for the sea around Malta. The already mentioned information by the 4th c. Cyprian bishop Epiphanius is exceptionally important, stating that St.

Luke the Evangelist, a faithful friend of St. Paul, was in Dalmatia Adv. LI, When could Luke have spent time in Dalmatia? If he had indeed been in Dalmatia before, he also must have known where Adrias was. That brings us to the first indication in favour of Mljet, because the Romans bestowed patricians in Illyric provinces with the titles of princeps, as for example, princeps municipii Riditarum If the shipwreck had occurred on Malta, Paul would have certainly mentioned at least one or two settlements, for there were settlements on Malta, unlike on Mljet; it is also implausible that he would have referred to the contemporary inhabitants of Malta as barbarians, like he did in the case of the hospitable islanders that wholeheartedly greeted the castaways, because on Malta they also spoke Greek, a language that Paul, as a Hellenized Jew, knew very well.

Another exceptionally important information, from the document De administrando imperio by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus, from the second half of the 10th c. In the words of the Emperor writer this happened on Mljet30, not on Malta. At that time the tradition that sees Malta as the place of the shipwreck had still not been created. The Maltese tradition will be formed only in the 13th c. On 23rd April Emperor Charles V gave Malta with the neighbouring islands of Gozo and Comino as a fief to the Knights Hospitaller, who thereupon fortified the island, transforming it into an invincible fortress of Christianity against Islam This military order grew into a strong naval force in the Mediterranean that controlled the entire international maritime traffic Since they needed a patron saint, they found one in the person of St.

That way Malta became and stayed famous mostly by the shipwreck of St. Perhaps the only difficulty in this would be the fact that the Alexandrian ship Castor diverted from the direct route to Rome into Syracuse, spending three days there. Syracuse lies on the direct route from Malta, although one could also take a route along the western coast of the island, naturally, with a favourable wind. In any case, the final say in the determination of the itinerary of St.

CAMBI , Luke are of markedly religious nature, and although lacking in navigational, meteorological, oceanographic and other similar arguments, they provide basis for the following conclusions: 1. The floating anchor is an irrefutable proof that St. That way one could not sail from Crete to Malta in the northeast wind, whereas one could reach Mljet in the southeast wind.

It is very likely that the wind did change and northeast wind did not blow throughout the fortnight, as usually asserted in literature. Had the northeast wind blown the entire time, the ship would have wrecked on the coast of northern Africa. The southern wind could not have pushed the ship towards the northwest coast of Malta. The currents of the eastern Mediterranean, Ionian and Adriatic Sea flow counter-clockwise, pushing the ship towards Mljet, in the opposite direction of Malta Fig.

The navigation route for wheat-carrying ships from Alexandria to Puteoli ran east along the coasts and islands of the eastern Mediterranean and the Ionian Sea, the Strait of Otranto and further along the shores of southern Italy and the Strait of Messina towards Puteoli and Rome.

It can therefore be assumed that a ship from Alexandria could find itself on Mljet, and not on Malta, and pick up Paul and the marooned castaways. It is clear from St. There are harbours and coves on Mljet that are well protected from all the winds and waves, used in the antiquity and in later periods Fig.

Recent research by Maltese scholars, published toward the end of the 20th c. Nevertheless, even though there must have also been nonswimmers among the castaways, everyone was saved, indicating that the shore was near and most likely sheltered from the rough seas.

Luke, i. They were constructed as double churches, but their patron saint is unknown. Recent archaeological investigations on Mljet yielded the remains of another early Christian basilica, which — according to the tradition — might belong to a church of St. Paul Fig. The remains of the churches confirm the existence of a significant Christian community on Mljet.

The continuity of the Pauline tradition in Dubrovnik can be substantiated by the monuments of visual arts, for instance, by the oldest figure of St. Paul, executed in enamel on a 11th c.

Blaise in Dubrovnik, a figure of St. Paul on a 15th c. Paul in the company of St. It should be pointed out that there used to be 6 churches erected in the honour of St. Its early Christian origin is indicated by a rosette.

The remains of St. The fact that more than three hundred different surnames developed from the name of St. Paul is another indication that his cult must have been very strong. Paul in the Beneventan Missal of the Ragusan Cathedral dates from the 12th century. Based on the ancient sources about the seafaring in the Adriatic, Croatian Latin heritage and archaeological finds, we tried to concisely answer the question whether Mljet — Melita in Dalmatia was the island of the shipwreck of St.

O Upravljanju carstvom, Zagreb, Rudolfa Vimera i mons. Supplemento Spalato, , Adjicitur brevis dissertatio eiudem de catellis Melitaeis. Farlati, Illyricum sacrum, I, Venetia, Franzen, Pregled povijesti crkve, Zagreb, Gliubich, Dizionario biografico degli uomini illustri della Dalmazia, Viena, Palunko, Melita del naufragio di s. Paolo e isola Meleda in Dalmazia, Spalato Palunko, Melita otok brodoloma Sv.

Pavla jest otok Mljet u Dalmaciji, Zagreb, Vimer, Malta ili Mljet, Bogoslovska smotra, 2, Zagreb, Blaise and S. The portrait of Vicko Palunko. Flaunting of St. Front page and the Allegory of Truth with the figure of Saint Luke pointing his index finger to the place of the shipwreck on the island of Mljet.

Zucchi original, the much higher quality drawing of Gianbattista Tiepolo. Adriatic Sea divided into the upper and lower Adriatic after Pliny. Currents in the Adriatic Sea. Possible positions of the shipwreck. Plan of the mediaeval church of St. Paul east of Korita after I.

Abstract: Although the contents and argumentation of the text De opere et eleemosynis are plain and simple, many questions still remain unanswered, such as for instance the work's date, to whom it was addressed and its literary genre. The paper traces the work and at the same time highlights fundamental aspects for the interpretation. Nel De opere et eleemosynis, infatti, il vescovo di Cartagine sviluppa la dottrina del merito delle buone opere ai fini della salvezza. Manzoni, I promessi sposi, Milano, , Chi sono i destinatari a cui si rivolge Cipriano?

Mori sustinuit ut inmortalitatem mortalibus exhiberet8. Multa haec sunt et magna diuinae misericordiae munera. Sed adhuc qualis prouidentia illa et quanta clementia est, quod nobis salutari ratione prospicitur, ut homini qui redemptus est reseruando plenius consulatur.

Nam cum Dominus adueniens sanasset illa quae Adam portauerat uulnera et uenena serpentis Sul battesimo nella Chiesa dei primi secoli vd. Ysebaert, Greek baptismal terminology: its origins and early development, Nijmegen, ; Battesimo e battisteri, a c.

Iorio, Firenze, ; A. Main-New York-ParisVienne, I Cor. Coartati eramus et in angustum innocentiae praescriptione conclusi. Nec haberet quid fragilitatis humanae infirmitas adque inbecillitas faceret, nisi iterum pietas diuina subueniens iustitiae et misericordiae operibus ostensis uiam quandam tuendae salutis aperiret, ut sordes postmodum quascumque contrahimus eleemosynis abluamus Questi sono i molti e grandi doni della divina misericordia.

Watson, The Style and the Language of St. Cyprian, Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica, 4, , ; L. Cyprian, Nijmegen, ; A. Ses rapports avec la prose rythmique et le «cursus», REAug, 27, , ; J.

Porier, ed. Dizionario enciclopedico, ed. Fitzgerald, ed. Alici e A. Pieretti, Roma, , s. In questo senso il frequente uso delle apostrofi fratres carissimi e fratres dilectissimi ha spinto la maggior parte dei critici a pensare che il De opere et eleemosynis sia stato pronunciato come discorso e poi rielaborato per essere diffuso in forma di trattato Egli doveva conoscere bene tutta la proCfr.

Benson, Cyprian: his life, his time, his work, New York, , s. In epistula De opere et eleemosyniis… Rursus in eadem epistula. Invero Agostino definisce epistulae anche altre opere di Cipriano: De oratione dominica, De bono patientiae, De mortalitate. Si noti ancora che anche alcuni manoscritti trasmettono le opere di Cipriano come epistole: vd.

A Demetriano, a c. Gallicet, Torino, , 5, il quale a proposito del Par. La beneficenza e le elemosine: quali fonti scritturistiche? Le prime due sono strettamente unite, come egli stesso sottolinea Agnoscamus itaque, fratres carissimi, diuinae indulgentiae salubre munus et emundandis purgandisque peccatis nostris, qui sine aliquo conscientiae uulnere esse non possumus, medellis spiritalibus uulnera nostra curemus.

Dello stesso parere anche H. Sallmann, Turnhout, , Capone, Turnhout, , Si autem nemo esse sine peccato potest et quisque se inculpatum dixerit aut superbus aut stultus est, quam necessaria, quam benigna est diuina clementia, quae cum sciat non deesse sanatis quaedam postmodum uulnera, dedit curandis denuo sanandisque uulneribus remedia salutaria A questo punto a sostegno della sua parenesi e a dimostrazione della potenza delle opere di misericordia, unite alla preghiera27, il vescovo di Cartagine propone un episodio esemplare: Prov.

Tabitha operationibus iustis et eleemosynis praestandis plurimum dedita cum infirmata esset et mortua, ad cadauer exanimae Petrus accitus est Qui cum inpigre pro apostolica humanitate uenisset, circumsteterunt eum uiduae flentes et rogantes, pallia et tunicas et omnia illa quae prius sumpserant indumenta monstrantes nec pro defuncta suis uocibus sed ipsius operibus deprecantes. Sensit Petrus impetrari posse quod sic petebatur nec defuturum Christi auxilium uiduis deprecantibus, quando esset in uiduis ipse uestitus.

Cum itaque genibus nixus orasset et uiduarum ac pauperum idoneus aduocatus legatas sibi preces ad Dominum pertulisset, conuersus ad corpus quod in tabula iam lotum iacebat, Tabitha, inquit, exurge in nomine Iesu Christi Nec defuit Petro quominus statim ferret auxilium qui in euangelio dari dixerat quicquid fuisset eius nomine postulatum Mors itaque suspenditur et spiritus redditur et mirantibus ac stupentibus cunctis ad hanc mundi denuo lucem rediuiuum corpus animatur.

Tantum potuerunt misericordiae merita, tantum opera iusta ualuerunt. Quae laborantibus uiduis largita fuerat subsidia uiuendi meruit ad uitam uiduarum petitione reuocari Capone, Note al testo del De opere et eleemosynis di Cipriano sub prelo.

Metuis ne patrimonium tuum forte deficiat, si operari ex eo largiter coeperis? Quando enim factum est ut iusto possent deesse subsidia? Cum scriptum sit: Non occidet fame Dominus animam iustam Helias in solitudine coruis ministrantibus pascitur37 et Daniel in lacum ad leonum praedam iussu regis incluso prandium diuinitus apparatur et tu metuis ne operanti et Dominum promerenti desit alimentum, quando ipse in euangelio ad exprobrationem eorum quibus mens dubia est et fides parua contestetur et dicat: Aspicite uolatilia caeli quoniam non seminant neque metunt neque colligunt in horrea, et pater uester caelestis alit illa.

Nonne uos pluris illis estis? Il discorso fu tenuto forse a Cartagine nella Basilica Cypriani o a Utica nel I Reg. Rebenack, ed. Nel passo ritornano anche gli esempi di Daniele ed Elia. Sed et peregrinis si qui indigentes fuerint sumptus suggeratis de quantitate mea propria quam apud Rogatianum conpresbyterum nostrum dimisi.

Quae quantitas ne forte iam uniuersa erogata sit, misi eidem per Naricum acoluthum aliam portionem, ut largius et promptius circa laborantes fiat operatio; Epist. Rebillard, Cl. Sotinel, Rome, , Watson De opere et eleemosynis of St. Cyprian, JThS, 2, , propone di collocare il trattato intorno al ; Rebenack ed. La condanna del trucco delle donne si trova anche nel De habitu virginum 14 e prima ancora nel De cultu feminarum di Tertulliano.

Basta leggere il cap. Anche in questo caso Cipriano ricorre alla Scrittura e ricorda i sacrifici che Giobbe offriva per i suoi sette figli e per le figlie: Si ergo uere filios tuos diligis, si eis exhibes plenam et paternam dulcedinem caritatis, operari magis debes ut filios tuos Deo iusta operatione commendes I termini che il vescovo utilizza in questo passaggio appartengono al lessico giuridico.

Il tutor era preposto non solo al patrimonio del pupillo, ma anche alle sue esigenze personali e sociali Nel tempo si ebbe un graduale processo di assimilazione tra i tutori degli impuberi e i curatori dei minori, ma puberi, sino al venticinquesimo anno Cipriano cita Iob 1,1.

Mayer, La famiglia romana. Aspetti giuridici e antiquari, Roma, , ss. Taponecco in Cipriano. Lettere , introd. Vincelli, Roma, , 78 ss. Adque ut pigros et steriles et cupiditate nummaria nihil circa fructum salutis operantes magis pudeat, ut plus conscientiam sordidam dedecoris ac turpitudinis suae rubor caedat, ponat unusquisque ante oculos suos diabolum cum suis seruis, id est cum populo perditionis ac mortis, in medium prosilire, plebem Christi praesente et iudicante ipso comparationis examine prouocare dicentem: «Ego pro istis quos me cum uides nec alapas accepi nec flagella sustinui nec crucem pertuli nec sanguinem fudi nec familiam meam pretio passionis et cruoris redemi, sed nec regnum illis caeleste promitto nec ad paradisum restituta immortalitate denuo reuoco: et munera mihi quam pretiosa, quam grandia, quam nimio et longo labore quaesita sumptuosissimis apparatibus conparant rebus suis, uel obligatis in muneris comparatione uel uenditis: ac nisi editio honesta successerit, conuiciis ac sibilis eiciuntur et furore populari nonnumquam paene lapidantur.

Tuos tales munerarios, Christe, demonstra, illos diuites, illos copiosis opibus afluentes, an in ecclesia praesidente et spectante te eiusmodi munus edant obpigneratis uel distractis rebus suis, immo ad caelestes thensauros mutata in melius possessione translatis. In istis muneribus meis caducis adque terrenis nemo pascitur, nemo uestitur, nemo cibi alicuius aut potus solacio sustinetur. Cuncta inter furorem edentis et spectantis errorem prodiga et stulta uoluptatum frustrantium uanitate depereunt.

Illic in pauperibus tuis tu uestiris et pasceris, tu aeternam uitam operantibus polliceris: et uix tui meis perdentibus adaequantur qui a te diuinis mercedibus et praemiis caelestibus honorantur» Nel passo di Op.

Tornatora, Diabolus eloquens. A questo articolo si rinvia per una dettagliata analisi del passo. Lugaresi, Il teatro di Dio. Alla fine del suo discorso, infatti, le sue argomentazioni appaiono superiori e lo stuolo dei suoi schiavi schiacciante nel confronto con quello dei cristiani Tornatora, Diabolus eloquens Nos, quantum in nobis viget sana mens, martyres, quos spectamus, cupimus imitari; nos, inquam, sanctos martyres, quos certantes spectamus, cupimus imitari.

Honeste spectator, in theatris cum spectas, insanis, si audes imitari quem diligis. Ecce ego specto Cyprianum, amo Cyprianum. Si irasceris, maledic mihi, et dic: Talis sis. Specto, delector, quantum valeo lacertis mentis amplector: video certatorem, gaudeo victorem Sermo A,3. Abstract: The coinage minted during the reign of Trajan are, among others, the message of the territorial annexation and its conversion in provinces.

The language is different depending on the time and the territory to which they relate. The coinage related to the conquest of a region are coined during a limited period of time, but the theme of victory over Dacia is maintained until the year AD , with a few legends that evolve throughout the reign, although the fifth Consulate dating problems make it difficult for this study.

In line with some literary sources, currencies present a picture of the Prince who transmits his growing political power, reaffirmed after the conquest of the Kingdom of Decebalus, when finally Trajan can carry out its work of Government and reaffirm his personal triumph and the gens Ulpia.

Esta actitud invalida el sentido de defensa de Mart. Traianum populis suis et urbi, Thybris te dominus rogat, remittas. Izaac ed. Sin embargo, un hecho merece ser destacado. Antonius Saturninus. Strobel, Der Aufstand des L. Antonius Saturninus und der sogenannte zweite Chattenkrieg Domitians, Tyche 1, , Malcovati, Plinio il Giovane. Il Panegirico, Firenze, ; U. Freiburg, ; P. Saquete Chamizo, La imagen de Trajano en las fuentes literarias, en J. Durry ed. Lettres, Tome IV. Livre X.

Saquete Chamizo eds. Documentos y fuentes para el estudio de su reinado, Sevilla, , En general, vid. Mattingly, E. Sydenham, Roman Imperial Coinage, Vol. Woytek, op. Seelentag, Taten und Tugenden Traians. Herrschaftsdarstellung im Prinzipat, Stuttgart, Hermes Einzelschriften 91 , Speidel, Bellicosissimus Princeps, en A. Sobre la ceremonia de adoptio, Plin. Dio 68, 3, 4. En cambio, los temas monetales se volcaron hasta el d.

Schallmayer ed. Traian im Reich, Saalaburg Schriften 5, , Richier, op. Sin embargo, no hubo un relato oficial para los nuevos acontecimientos de Germania. Item ID. Reset filters. Wooden box 3D Model. SpacePlato 3D Model. Sconce black 3D Model. Industrial Model Making 3D Model. Column 3D Model. Stylized Pew 3D Model. Graphic tablet 3D Model. Rotunda 1 3D Model. Use VUE's complete toolset within the host application and design environments without even needing to go to VUE standalone.

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